On a cold day in January 2002, more than 2,500 police officers from throughout the Northeast United States gathered in Rhode Island to pay their final respects to Capt. Alister C. McGregor of the East Providence Police Department. McGregor had been killed two days after Christmas 2001 when live ammunition was accidentally introduced in a training exercise.

As commander of the East Providence special response team, McGregor was playing a gunman on a school bus in a hostage rescue scenario. Some 70 yards away, according to an investigation by the Rhode Island State Police, SRT sniper Patrolman Joseph Warzycha III lined up McGregor in his crosshairs and squeezed the trigger. The firing pin on his rifle was supposed to have stitched air, but instead it sent a .308 round screaming across the bus parking lot and into McGregor's skull. The captain died instantly.

Two months later, a statewide grand jury handed down a manslaughter indictment for Warzycha after the state police investigation concluded the accident was caused by his failure to clear his weapon before "dry firing" it at McGregor. At presstime, the case had not come to trial.

According to officers in the East Providence PD who declined to go on the record for this story, the department's morale is still drained by that shot fired more than a year ago in the school bus parking lot. It killed a respected and beloved leader, destroyed the career of a young and ambitious officer, left McGregor's five children without a father, and devastated the men and women of the department, including McGregor's wife, who is a detective corporal on the force.

Sadly, East Providence PD is not alone in its grief. Accidents during simulation training exercises have claimed the lives of officers in communities as diverse as Clackamas County, Ore.; Arlington, Texas; and Calgary, Alberta, just to name a few.

Rule Violations

Of all training accidents, police officers shooting each other in simulation drills are the most tragic. They are also the most difficult for some officers and civilians to comprehend.

The very concept of having officers point real guns at each other in training scenarios violates several of the most revered rules of safe gun handling. Rule 1 of the gun safety catechism says a shooter should treat all guns as if they are loaded, and rule 2 forbids pointing the muzzle of the weapon at anything or anyone you don't want to destroy. So why then do highly professional cops insist on not only pointing "unloaded" guns at each other in training exercises but pulling the triggers? The answer gets to the very heart of why officers go to such great lengths to develop realistic training exercises.

Dropping the Hammer

Veteran police trainer Gary T. Klugiewicz says using real guns in scenarios is a necessary evil because shooting a gun in a real incident involves discipline of both mind and body. "People say we should just use Red Guns (plastic models) and say 'bang, bang' like kids. But here's the problem with that. Saying 'bang, bang' never shot anybody. What shoots people is a trigger pull. If you don't practice pulling the trigger at people, you won't be able to do it if it becomes necessary on the street."

Another reason officers prefer real guns over Red Guns in some training exercises is that they give the instructor a better idea of how the officer will perform in a real incident. "When you use a Red Gun, you can't manipulate the safeties or decockers," explains John Meyer, vice president of law enforcement and international training for Heckler & Koch. He adds that it's very important for officers to have experience pulling the trigger in stressful situations.

Meyer's concern about stress and its effects on an officer's performance in a deadly force incident echoes the words of Lt. Col. David Grossman's landmark treatise on how soldiers react in combat, "On Killing." Grossman argues that combat training for soldiers must include "stress inoculation" so that they will be prepared for the intensely emotional experience of having to kill or be killed by the enemy.

Marking Rounds

One way to add stress to a training scenario is to let the participants shoot each other. With marking rounds.

Sold under the brand names Simunition FX and Air Munition, marking rounds are reduced power cartridges tipped with soft, colored plastic projectiles that splat against the target and leave a bright mark.

When used properly and with the right protective gear, marking rounds are by all accounts very safe. However, at least one death has been attributed to the mistaken use of a live round in a marking round simulation.

Theoretically, it should be extremely difficult to bring a live round into a marking round simulation. Guns used with marking rounds must be modified with special barrels that will not accommodate live ammunition, but mistakes happen when officers leave the training area for court or lunch and return to the training with a live unchecked weapon. Later in the day they think that they are firing marking rounds at their buddies and instead unleash a hollow point.

There are two ways to prevent such accidents: officers must take more care in inspecting their weapons before entering or re-entering the training area or they need to use clearly marked sim guns that are specially made only to accommodate marking rounds. An example of a popular sim gun is the Glock 17T training model or so-called "Blue Glock."

Bob Bragg, director of instructor training at the Washington State Criminal Justice Academy, is a big advocate of Blue Glocks for simulation training. "It makes it a lot harder to make a mistake," he says. "If a student doesn't have a blue gun in his or her hand, then we know something is wrong."

Unfortunately, one major drawback to the Blue Glock is cost. The trainer sells for almost as much as a fully operational pistol.[PAGEBREAK]

Ammo Safe

Even with the availability of marking rounds, dry fire training remains popular with many agencies. But fortunately it's becoming safer.

In the past, if an officer was participating in a well-organized empty gun simulation he or she would submit the weapon to a safety monitor or instructor. The instructor would double-check and triple-check the weapon for live ammunition, mark it with red or yellow tape, and give it back to the officer to be used in the simulation.

Klugiewicz, who has led hundreds, if not thousands, of dry fire exercises, says it was a very scary system. "Through 20 years of training, I had great, ongoing apprehension about not just being shot myself but having someone get shot in one of my classes."

Today, Klugiewicz no longer feels such anxiety as he watches his students dry fire real weapons at point-blank range at each other's faces. The source of his peace of mind is a length of yellow plastic called Ammo Safe that fits in the chambers of both long guns and semiauto handguns and protrudes far enough out the muzzle that it can be clearly seen by anyone in the exercise.

Ammo Safe is the brainchild of Robert Barber, a 27-year veteran of the Cranston (R.I.) Police Department. Throughout his long career, Barber had participated in dry fire training scenarios and was never satisfied with the way the guns were marked as safe. "We taped the barrels but with tape on the barrel, you can still load a round," he says.

Experts say that with Ammo Safe securely in place it would be very difficult if not impossible to load a round. The product plugs the chamber and the barrel, but the gun still cycles and it can be holstered. "It doesn't make [force-on-force simulations] a little safer. It's a quantum leap safer," says Klugiewicz. "It stops everything."

Klugiewicz is not the only trainer singing the praises of Ammo Safe. Meyer has been so impressed with the product that it has been adopted as a safety aid at H&K's Training Division.

Barber says what brought Ammo Safe to fruition was the death of Capt. McGregor and its devastating effect on the East Providence PD. "When that happened, it was such a tragedy that I said something had to be done," he recalls.

Police trainers believe products like Ammo Safe will go a long way toward ending training deaths in force-on-force simulations. If so, then that's a fitting legacy for McGregor, who by all accounts was a cop's cop and a born leader dedicated to enhancing officer safety.

Safety Guidelines for Force-on-Force Training

• Don't use real guns unless absolutely necessary. Consider Red Guns, Air Soft, or other alternatives.

• If you must use real guns for firing marking rounds, make sure no nonmodified weapons are in the training area. Simunition recommends that one training safety officer be responsible for modifying and loading all guns for the simulation.

• Officers participating in marking round simulations must wear, all encompassing head gear and neck protection. Participants should also have groin protection, including athletic cups for men.

• For dry fire with real weapons use Ammo Safe, Saf-T-Round, or a similar barrel blocking device to indicate that the guns are empty and safe.

• Do not allow live ammo, knives, live OC spray, or other weapons in the training area. Every officer should be thoroughly searched. Metal detectors are strongly advised.

• Cordon off and secure the training area.

• Thoroughly search everyone entering or re-entering the training area, including observers, reporters, and other nonparticipants.

• Assign safety officers to monitor the area for safety violations.

• Follow closely scripted scenarios.

• Do not train without the proper equipment. Eye, face, and neck protection are mandatory for marking round simulations.

• Instructors leading force-on-force training should have formal training in how to conduct these sessions. Such training is offered by the American Society for Law Enforcement Training, the National Tactical Officers Association, and the International Association of Law Enforcement Firearms Instructors.