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Articlesby Kevin R. MadisonJune 20, 2025

Understanding Officer-Created Jeopardy

Officers can be criminally prosecuted for using force when their actions led to escalation during contact with subjects.

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Articlesby Kevin R. MadisonJanuary 11, 2023

Factors to Consider Before Using Force to Effect an Arrest

Legally, any use of force by law enforcement must be objectively reasonable, but we should also consider whether it is necessary.

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Articlesby Eric DaigleDecember 1, 2022

Point of Law: Pepper Spray and Unreasonable Force

Officers using pepper spray have to be able to justify that use of force under Graham v. Connor.

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Articlesby David GriffithJune 14, 2019

Controversial Legislation: The California Compromise

Golden State politicians wanted to make "necessary" the standard for police to use deadly force, but they settled for "reasonable."

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Newsby Staff WriterApril 24, 2019

Tough CA Use-of-Force Legislation Getting Closer to Being Law

Assembly Bill 392, backed by anti-police activists, has been called the toughest standard in the nation for when police can use deadly force. It was written months after Sacramento police shot Stephon Clark, a vehicle burglary suspect, after a foot pursuit when they mistook his cell phone for a gun.

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Videosby Staff WriterFebruary 6, 2019

Recalling Police Use of Force Law—Constitutional Law Crate, Part 1

Attorney Missy O'Linn explains her "Constitutional Law Crate," which she created as 11 flash cards assembled into a cube, or crate, to give officers a way to remember the most imperative information when testifying in court, such as the three levels of force and Graham v. Connor.

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Inside the Badge by Doug WyllieAugust 24, 2018

A Brief Review of the Flaws in California's AB 931 UOF Legislation

Assembly Bill 931 — otherwise known as the Police Accountability and Community Protection Act — is fatally flawed in its current form. Unpacking all of the problems with this piece of legislation is a monumentally difficult task, but I'll give it a shot — no pun intended.

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Newsby Staff WriterAugust 17, 2018

Controversial California UOF Legislation Hits Sudden, Unexpected Snag

The bill — which was authored by Assembly member Shirley Weber (D-San Diego) and Assembly member Kevin McCarty (D-Sacramento) — was referred by the Senate back to Senate Rules Committee on Thursday.

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Inside the Badge by Jack DunphyApril 13, 2018

Proposed California Use-of-Force Bill Won't Make Anyone Safer

If a police officer’s use of deadly force is deemed to be unnecessary to them and to people who share their beliefs, that officer can expect to be prosecuted and, if not imprisoned, run through a years-long ordeal that will ruin him physically, emotionally, and financially. And this, they promise, will protect the community.

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Newsby Staff WriterApril 3, 2018

California Legislators Want to Require Police Shootings to be "Necessary," Not "Reasonable"

Under the legislation, officers would only be allowed to open fire if “there were no other reasonable alternatives to the use of deadly force."

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