In every call for service, you should think things through before you begin your response. Each call can be broken down into three phases: pre-response, response, and post response. The following scenario is designed to help you think things through rather than give you a specific way to handle the call.

Situation

It's 10:00 on a Sunday when you arrive at a convenience store to get a cup of coffee. You pay attention to officer safety considerations and drive up from an angle that allows you to see the parking lot and inside the store. You take a few seconds to look around, don't see anything suspicious, and you decide to park. You call dispatch to advise them you will be checked out at the store for a few minutes. You park on the blind side of the building and get out of your patrol car.

As you approach the store's entrance, you realize the clerk is being robbed at gunpoint. As far as you can tell, no one else is in the store. You also note that there are two people getting gas at the pumps and there are no other people around.

Initial Thoughts

You have several things in your favor. You parked your patrol car out of view, dispatch already knows where you are in case things go bad, and you haven't been seen by the suspect yet. Though you can't see anyone else in the store, you can't confirm there isn't another employee in the back or someone in the bathroom. You are fortunate that there are only two people at the pumps getting gas.

Because there is no one else around, you can focus on what's going on inside the store. You have to make use of your time because there is no telling when the suspect will leave or if he will decide to hurt someone.

Pre-Response

Think It Through:

1. Do you have a clear picture of the situation thus far?

2. What are your priorities?

3. How do you plan for now and yet consider what might happen later?

4. Do you set up to rush-in or wait until the suspect comes out?

In order to get a clear picture of what you are facing, you need to take inventory of your situation. Take a quick 360-degree look around so you know what to factor in. Right now the only thing you know for sure is what you see.

Your priorities always start and end with the preservation of life. Focus on the now and plan for contingencies if you have time. Though you don't know the full intentions of the suspect, you do know the suspect has covered his face, hasn't hurt the clerk, and has not fired his gun in anger. Your experience tells you that more often than not, under these circumstances, the suspect will take the money and run. For your planning and decision-making framework, you decide to treat this as a barricaded suspect with a hostage.

If the suspect starts shooting, it changes the situation to an active shooter and you have to take immediate action. For now, that becomes your only contingency.

Response

Think It Through:

1. How do you secure the parking lot?

2. What information are you going to give dispatch?

3. What instructions are you going to give your backup?

4. How will you set up on the suspect?

Since the only two people in the area are getting gas, you decide to call it in before acting. You only give dispatch a quick rundown and ask for emergency traffic. You know that during the first few moments of an in-progress call, responding units have poor radio discipline and will be stepping all over themselves on the radio. That gives you enough time to order the bystanders to get in their cars and leave. After you do, one drives off and the other just runs away, leaving his car near the pumps.

As the radio traffic dies down you're able to tell your backup where you want them over the radio. You are fortunate enough that you have several officers on their way. Using the number system, where the number one is always the front of the building and the rest of the numbers are assigned in a clockwise direction, you ask that the closest officer take side three (the back) and the next closest meet you at the corner of side one and four where you parked.

You have decided that it's better to take the suspect down outside rather than rush in and risk the clerk getting shot, or risk being spotted and forcing a hostage situation. You plan to capitalize on the element of surprise by ambushing the suspect. You are counting on changing his O.O.D.A. Loop (observe, orient, decide, act) by giving him a stimulus he was not expecting but now has to consider.

Once a second officer arrives, you motion to her to set up on you. She takes up a position near the pumps by the parked car that was left by the citizen who ran. This allows two separate fields of view on the target and takes care of any potential cross-fire. She barely gets in position when the suspect comes out of the door and moves into the parking lot.

As you yell, "Police, drop your gun!" the suspect instinctively turns toward the sound of your voice. Your backup sees this and follows with "Drop the gun now!" The suspect looks like he wants to run, but hesitates long enough to realize there are two of you, thinks better of it, and drops the gun. Your ambush took away his initiative and changed his O.O.D.A. Loop. If he had tried to shoot, he was out in the open and both of you had a strong shooting position behind cover.

Using your backup as a cover officer, you go through your felony arrest procedures and secure the suspect. You call off the rest of your backup and clear the channel from emergency traffic. While your backup deals with your prisoner, you make sure no one got hurt inside the store, secure the crime scene, and start your paperwork.

Post-Response

Think It Through:

1. What are your priorities now that the suspect is secured?

2. What needs to be done as far as the crime scene?

3. What do you need to shore up the case?

Once the suspect is secured you go into paperwork mode. However, you need to maintain your perspective; this is your case and you are still working your investigation. Your next priority is evidence collection and crime scene preservation.

You need to control the crime scene, start a crime scene log, and think about processing. You need to get a detailed written statement and ask if there is any surveillance video. Depending on your policies, you might consider getting your detectives involved with the interview of the suspect.

Final Thoughts

There are no hard and fast rules for tactics other than the situation itself will guide you on what to do. We tailor our tactics to meet our needs. For example, we are often taught that only one person should give commands so as not to create any confusion. But in this case, we used confusion as a tactic to affect the suspect's O.O.D.A. Loop.

We chose to handle the suspect outside rather than inside. This choice has pros and cons and can be argued ad infinitum. Your only guide is the totality of the situation, and each call is different. Your choice could have been made for you if the suspect saw you and never came outside.

There are always multiple possibilities and potential responses. Thinking it through now saves you time later.

Amaury Murgado is a special operations lieutenant with the Osceola County (Fla.) Sheriff's Office. He has been a lifelong student of martial arts.